Alvedon, part 1 of 2
The medicine Alvedon is ingested either as a liquid drug or tablets, and we will focus on the tablet form. The greatest danger to the patient with Alvedon is that prolonged use or overdose can lead to kidney or liver damage. We're going to get into the mechanisms behind it. The active substance is Paracetamol, which also goes by the name N-acetyl-para-aminophenol, i.e. C8H9NO2. The reaction formula here is: 2 H2NC6H4OH + C4H6O3 ---> 2 C8H9NO2 (Alvedon) + H2O. What happens in the reaction is that you on a synthetic, chemical way allow a reduction of 4-nitrophenol to take place. A substance that is reduced in this way (in our case, an organic, chemical compound that is a white powder), takes up electrons from another substance. 4-nitrophenol is an intermediate substance which in the long run will result in paracetamol. After the reduction, we will get the new substance 4-aminophenol, which is a phenol, and on it it sits an amino group.
A phenol is a benzene ring (hexagon with 6 carbons) that is connected with an OH group. This is an aromatic hydrocarbon (where electrons inside the hexagon circulate rapidly between the atoms) that is obtained from coal tar. Phenols are generally toxic and carcinogenic to humans. In diluted form, phenols are often found in disinfectant liquids. Now something about amino groups. -NH2 is a by-product of ammonia, which has the formula NH3. The compounds that have an amino group tend to be basic. 4- Aminophenol thus immediately becomes paracetamol if it is acetylated (when an acetyl group is attached) with acetic anhydrides. The acetyl group that is crucial in this case for the latter to become a drug, consists of both a carbonyl group (a carbon and an oxygen that has a double bond, C = O, and where carbon binds to two other different, optional chemical compounds) and a methyl group (-CH3) that is connected. Acetic anhydrides, smells like vinegar, and are very corrosive.
We can take some example reactions that deal with the latter chemical substance, to broaden our picture of the chemical compound that joins an acetyl group to the 4-aminophenol; CH3CH2OH + O2 ---> CH3COOH (acetic acid) + H2O, First of all, there is an oxidation of ethanol (it was treated with oxygen) or you can convert ethyl alcohol into acetic acid with the help of bacteria (acetobacter). What happens next? 2 CH3COOH ---> (CH3CO)2O + H2O, in the next step a dehumidification of acetic acid occurs, and then you finally get acetic anhydrides. We can talk about another relevant thing as well, though when it comes to phenols. It is relevant because a particular phenol is only one step away from becoming a paracetamol molecule. If you try to mix phenols with acetic acid, then these substances will not react with each other. Phenols are not of a nucleophilic variety (no Lewis base), that they donate electron pairs. After all, acetic acid occupies electrons and emits protons.
Pharmacodynamic interactions (when a patient ingests several drugs, what effect in the body gets e.g. Alvedon then) for paracetamol, often involve the fact that the drug in question enhances an anticoagulant effect in coumarins. Anticoagulation means that the blood's solidification ability must not be promoted so that the patient has a blood clot. Some medications have a long molecule that can wrap around proteins that promote clotting. Coumarins, these are colorless crystals that have a pleasant smell. However, they are very little toxic and in the worst case can cause liver damage. Coumarins are lactones, and a lactone is a cyclic ester (alcohol and acid in compound). Paracetamol has been shown not to affect platelet aggregation. There are drug interventions for a patient to get more platelets in the blood to counteract blood loss. With more blood cells, for example, a bleeding stops quickly. Alvedon does not affect, pharmacodynamically speaking, such processes.
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/acetaminophen
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sk3aBIqQEPU&t=58s
https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Laboratory_Experiments/Wet_Lab_Experiments/Organic_Chemistry_Labs/Experiments/2%3A__Synthesis_of_Acetaminophen_(Experiment)
https://www.studymode.com/essays/Lab-1-Synthesis-Of-Acetaminophen-66950989.html#:~:text=The%20synthesis%20of%20Acetaminophen%20is%20based%20on%20the,which%20is%20then%20recrystallized%20to%20purify%20the%20product
https://hycregatta.org/sv/4-aminofenol-svenska/#:~:text=P-aminofenol%2C%20%C3%A4ven%20k%C3%A4nd%20som%204-aminofenol%2C%20p-hydroxianilin%2C%204-amino-1-hydroxibensen%20och,kristall%20av%20dubbelkontyp%20som%20f%C3%A4lls%20ut%20fr%C3%A5n%20aceton.
https://languages.oup.com/ (”Phenol”)
https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=ethanol+to+ethanoic+acid+reaction&docid=607991851585645315&mid=6B0514276ADAC80E9FD86B0514276ADAC80E9FD8&view=detail&FORM=VIRE
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